Clinical: Individual Risk

Our clinical exposure studies have shown that adult smokers who switch completely to our Smokeless Products reduce their exposure to a number of harmful chemicals as compared to continued smoking.^*† Using the same methods, our clinical risk studies focus on biomarkers that reflect unfavourable changes within the body known to occur with smoking.

Referred to as ‘Biomarkers of Potential Harm’ (BoPH) or ‘Biomarkers of Biological Effect’ (BoBE), we monitor those that are known to occur with smoking. These BoPH are markers of physiological processes in the body such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. These processes can be indicators of potential disease pathways: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and lung cancer.